To create a percentage in Excel the data must be a number, must be divided by 100 and must have a percentage number format applied.
Here is a simple example of converting some string percentage data in a Pandas dataframe to percentage numbers in an xlsx file using XlsxWriter as the Pandas excel engine:
##############################################################################
#
# An example of converting some string percentage data in a Pandas dataframe
# to percentage numbers in an xlsx file with using XlsxWriter.
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
# Copyright 2013-2023, John McNamara, jmcnamara@cpan.org
#
import pandas as pd
# Create a Pandas dataframe from some data.
df = pd.DataFrame({"Names": ["Anna", "Arek", "Arun"], "Grade": ["100%", "70%", "85%"]})
# Convert the percentage strings to percentage numbers.
df["Grade"] = df["Grade"].str.replace("%", "")
df["Grade"] = df["Grade"].astype(float)
df["Grade"] = df["Grade"].div(100)
# Create a Pandas Excel writer using XlsxWriter as the engine.
writer = pd.ExcelWriter("pandas_percent.xlsx", engine="xlsxwriter")
# Convert the dataframe to an XlsxWriter Excel object.
df.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="Sheet1")
# Get the xlsxwriter workbook and worksheet objects.
workbook = writer.book
worksheet = writer.sheets["Sheet1"]
# Add a percent number format.
percent_format = workbook.add_format({"num_format": "0%"})
# Apply the number format to Grade column.
worksheet.set_column(2, 2, None, percent_format)
# Close the Pandas Excel writer and output the Excel file.
writer.close()